{"id":3081,"date":"2012-04-24T20:12:26","date_gmt":"2012-04-24T12:12:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/?p=3081"},"modified":"2012-07-27T01:54:10","modified_gmt":"2012-07-26T17:54:10","slug":"walk-of-fame-darkly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/","title":{"rendered":"Walk of Fame, Darkly"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"attachment_2495\" style=\"width: 436px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/IMG_2499.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2495\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2495\" title=\"Vista at Hill 2   (photo: Claire Leow) \" src=\"http:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/IMG_2499.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"639\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-2495\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vista at Hill 2 (photo: Claire Leow)<\/p><\/div>\n<p>by Andrew Tan<\/p>\n<p>In Bukit Brown Cemetery, an avenue, like prime real estate, connects Singapore\u2019s prominent families\u2014all inter-related, as these powerful cliques were linked by arranged marriages to perpetuate their wealth and influence through six generations, during 150 years of British rule (1819 to 1959).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chronology<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1819-1867\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Beginnings<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The earliest Asian elites in Singapore were comprador-<em>kapitans<\/em> from Malacca, who brokered with European (mainly British) companies, exclusive credit and arms deals.\u00a0 To procure native products for Europeans, compradors resourced from powerful clan headmen who controlled the supply of coolie labour, ships, and native products\u2014crucial to entrepot success.\u00a0 Business partnerships were tied by arranged marriages between all families.<\/p>\n<p>Family examples: Tan Tock Seng and his family network supplied and distributed manufactures for the British \u201ccountry traders\u201d; they also married influential relatives of the compradors and <em>Kapitan Cina<\/em>.\u00a0 Together, this was the first powerful clique in Singapore, which broadened (after Singapore\u2019s cessation as entrepot of the opium-arms trade following British victory over Qing China) to include revenue farmers and labour contractors as their enterprises penetrated Southeast Asia.<\/p>\n<p>1867-1900\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Rise<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>From 1867, with Singapore a crown colony, the long established families recruited scholars and professionals as sons-in-law, to perpetuate their vested interests (e.g. tax-free \u201cfree trade\u201d policies, opium farms, colonial intervention in tin-rich Malaya) through positions in the advisory board and councils at the municipal, rural and legislative level; appointments rotated among relatives (who advised the Governor on nominations) to ensure advantageous policy continuity.<\/p>\n<p>The immediate decades after Suez Canal opened in 1869 diverted oceanic traffic through Singapore.\u00a0 To compete internationally, merchant families pooled their resources into joint-venture consortiums (in steamships); their offspring intermarried too.\u00a0 Ties between in-laws counted more than paper contracts.<\/p>\n<p>Family examples: Notable Queen scholars (Lim Boon Keng, Song Ong Siang etc) and other top professionals were sons-in-law of well established merchant-shipping families like the Wee-Ho Hong-Lee group, as well as others who partnered in Straits Steamship.<\/p>\n<p>1900-1941\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Peak<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Insatiable demand for World War One commodities (tin, rubber) produced the first multi-millionaires in Singapore: these <em>nouveaux-riches<\/em>\u2014their heirs and heiresses were courted and charmed by Old Money.\u00a0 Merging New Money with Old gave birth to multifamily-owned conglomerates (e.g. OCBC, UOB, Straits Steamship) tying together banks, ships, plantations, factories and newspapers.<\/p>\n<p>Large fortunes would aggrandize social ambition: Plutocrats usurped collective and consular institutions (e.g. Ngee Ann Kongsi, Chinese Chambers of Commerce), to connect with powerful Chinese warlords of lucrative market potential, offering to regimes funds for schools and humanitarian relief, using family-controlled newspaper editorials to galvanize mass involvement.<\/p>\n<p>Ability to lead the Chinese masses into action was recognized by the British military; however, these plutocrats on war councils were relocated with their families to India just weeks before the Japanese Occupation.<\/p>\n<p>Family examples: Families from shipping, commodities, revenue farming, and remittances, co-founded the conglomerates of OCBC and UOB, with ties to the burgeoning sectors like film and publishing, and family connections in politics.<\/p>\n<p>1945-1959\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Turning Point<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In postwar Singapore, enriched by military contracts in the Cold War, scions used their wealth to contest for elected self-government, but the expanded, impoverished electorate rejected these \u201crich men\u2019s parties\u201d (Progressive Party and Democratic Party, whose members were related, merged into the Liberal Socialist Party), in favour of a new regime, the People\u2019s Action Party (PAP).<\/p>\n<p>Family examples: Contracts were monopolized by consortiums who subcontracted to each other.\u00a0 Chain of suppliers for the British military coalesced and expanded to retail giants.<\/p>\n<p>1959 onwards\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <strong>Decline<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Following Singapore\u2019s independence under the PAP, the old elites diminished in economic influence: their once-predominant, century-old monopoly of colonial contracts was overshadowed by the growth of public state-sector industries in partnership with foreign multinationals.\u00a0 Attrition too, their vast landholdings compulsorily acquired by the state for redevelopment.<\/p>\n<p>Their hereditary clan-leadership in communities has been subsumed by government departments that fund and run all neighbourhood activities and amenities.\u00a0 More than cultural and community centres, clans were once the centre of powerful labour unions.\u00a0 They once ran schools; but today, the Education Ministry syllabus and compulsory mandarin has created a generation disconnected with their dialect heritage, previously stressed in clan schools.<\/p>\n<p>Arranged marriages and pedigrees became obsolete as post-war mass education broadened careers and widened choices in life partners. Also, professionalization broke down class barriers.\u00a0 The Women\u2019s Charter in 1961 ended the quasi-feudal family structure.<\/p>\n<p>As Singapore developed to become a middle class society, a new breed of technocrats allied with the PAP replaced the Old Establishment.<\/p>\n<p><em>A multifamily tree, with 1000 people from 100 families, 6 generations interlinked in strategic alliances from the late 1700s to now, will be published\u00a0 in 2012.\u00a0 I shed light on the influential cliques (made up of powerful families) who dominated Singapore\u2019s society and economy past two hundred years. Andrew Tan<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>by Andrew Tan In Bukit Brown Cemetery, an avenue, like prime real estate, connects Singapore\u2019s prominent families\u2014all inter-related, as these powerful cliques were linked by arranged marriages to perpetuate their wealth and influence through six generations, during 150 years of British rule (1819 to 1959). Chronology 1819-1867\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beginnings The earliest Asian elites in Singapore were comprador-kapitans from Malacca, who brokered with European (mainly British) companies, exclusive credit and arms deals.\u00a0 To procure native products for Europeans, compradors resourced from powerful [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[83,116,81,82],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-featured","category-history-2","category-slider","category-teaser"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Walk of Fame, Darkly - Bukit Brown: A World Monuments Watch Site in 2014<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Walk of Fame, Darkly - Bukit Brown: A World Monuments Watch Site in 2014\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"by Andrew Tan In Bukit Brown Cemetery, an avenue, like prime real estate, connects Singapore\u2019s prominent families\u2014all inter-related, as these powerful cliques were linked by arranged marriages to perpetuate their wealth and influence through six generations, during 150 years of British rule (1819 to 1959). Chronology 1819-1867\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Beginnings The earliest Asian elites in Singapore were comprador-kapitans from Malacca, who brokered with European (mainly British) companies, exclusive credit and arms deals.\u00a0 To procure native products for Europeans, compradors resourced from powerful [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Bukit Brown: A World Monuments Watch Site in 2014\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2012-04-24T12:12:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2012-07-26T17:54:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Adminstrator 1\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Adminstrator 1\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Adminstrator 1\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/#\/schema\/person\/7245b22ce498c1ba0e9efbc90cbc58fd\"},\"headline\":\"Walk of Fame, Darkly\",\"datePublished\":\"2012-04-24T12:12:26+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2012-07-26T17:54:10+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/\"},\"wordCount\":801,\"commentCount\":5,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/03\/IMG_2499.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Featured\",\"History\",\"Slider\",\"Teaser\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/bukitbrown.com\/main\/2012\/walk-of-fame-darkly\/\",\"name\":\"Walk of Fame, Darkly - 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